On July 28, 1914, one of the largest conflicts in the history of the Earth began. 38 of the 59 states that existed at that time became participants in the First World War of 1914-1918. This war forever changed the political map of the world and the course of human history.

Countries participating in the First World War

It is difficult for a modern person to imagine how many countries participated in the First World War. To do this, we will get to know all the participating countries, dividing them into opposing sides.

Figure: 1. Flag of the Entente.

Triple Alliance

• German empire ... During the war years, it mobilized more than 13.25 million people.
• Austro-hungary ... More than 7.8 million people were mobilized for the war for the emperor of the "patchwork empire" throughout the war.
• Ottoman Empire ... Over the entire war, more than 3 million fighters loyal to the Sultan stood up to defend the Sublime Port.
• Bulgaria put up against the Entente more than 1.2 million of its soldiers and officers.

Figure: 2. Countries of the Triple Alliance.

In total, the Triple Alliance mobilized more than 25 million bayonets and sabers, excluding the rear units.

Entente and its allies

• Over the war years, the Russian Empire mobilized over 12 million people.
• The British Empire and France fielded about the same - more than 8.5 million soldiers each.
• Italy, which defected from the Triple Alliance to the Entente, fielded 5.6 million bayonets and sabers.
• The United States of America has mobilized more than 4.7 million soldiers since entering the war
• Romania was able to exhibit over 1.2 million people.
• The armies of the rest of the states had less than a million soldiers in their composition.

Figure: 3. Countries of the Entente.

Although officially the Entente included only three countries (France, Russia, Britain), by the beginning of the war more than 12 states had gathered under its wing, and the term "Entente" began to be used for the entire coalition against the Triple Alliance.

Neutral countries

Throughout the war, there were states that could take part in the war, but escaped it. So, Albania, Luxembourg and Persia were officially neutral, although there were hostilities on their territories. Argentina has had several incidents with both sides of the conflict, but has never entered the war on either side.

TOP-5 articleswho read along with this

In addition to these four countries, neutrality from the beginning to the end of the war was preserved: Afghanistan, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Liechtenstein, Mexico, Mongolia, the Netherlands, Norway, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden, Tibet, Venezuela and later became a traditional supporter of world wars Switzerland.

Chronology of entries into the war

As you know, after the death of Archduke of Austria-Hungary Franz Ferdinand, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28 and Russia immediately announced mobilization, to which it received an ultimatum from Germany to stop it. On August 1, Germany declares war on Russia, and on August 3, France. A day later, Berlin also entered the war with Belgium, and Britain with Germany.

On August 12, Britain and Austria-Hungary became enemies, and France did the same the previous day. So the main participants of the First World War officially declared each other as enemies.

British statesman Neville Chamberlain after the Russian events of 1917 said: “Russia has collapsed. One of the goals of the war has been achieved. "

Throughout the four years of the war, all the new states declared war on the Triple Alliance, trying to get their dividends from this war.

The last countries to enter the war against Germany were Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Haiti, Honduras and Romania, which entered the war from April 23 to November 10, 1918.

Test by topic

Assessment of the report

Average rating: 4.6. Total ratings received: 354.

The first world War Is a war between two coalitions of powers: Central Powers, or Quadruple union (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) and Entente (Russia, France, Great Britain).

A number of other states supported the Entente in the First World War (i.e. were its allies). This war lasted for about 4 years (officially from July 28, 1914 to November 11, 1918). It was the first world-wide military conflict, in which 38 of the 59 independent states that existed at that time were involved.

During the war, the composition of the coalitions changed.

Europe in 1914

Entente

British empire

France

the Russian Empire

In addition to these main countries, more than twenty states were grouped on the side of the Entente, and the term "Entente" began to be used to refer to the entire anti-German coalition. Thus, the anti-German coalition included the following countries: Andorra, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Italy (since May 23, 1915), Japan, Liberia, Montenegro , Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Siam, USA, Uruguay.

Cavalry of the Russian Imperial Guard

Central Powers

German empire

Austro-hungary

Ottoman Empire

Bulgarian kingdom(since 1915)

The predecessor of this block was Triple Alliance, formed in 1879-1882 as a result of agreements concluded between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy... According to the agreement, these countries were obliged to provide each other with support in case of war, mainly with France. But Italy began to draw closer to France and at the beginning of World War I declared its neutrality, and in 1915 withdrew from the Triple Alliance and entered the war on the side of the Entente.

Ottoman Empire and Bulgariajoined Germany and Austria-Hungary during the war. The Ottoman Empire entered the war in October 1914, Bulgaria in October 1915.

Some countries participated in the war in part, others entered the war already in its final phase. Let's talk about some of the features of participation in the war of individual countries.

Albania

As soon as the war began, the Albanian prince Wilhelm Weed, a German by birth, fled from the country to Germany. Albania took neutrality, but was occupied by the troops of the Entente (Italy, Serbia, Montenegro). However, by January 1916, most of it (North and Central) was occupied by the Austro-Hungarian troops. In the occupied territories, with the support of the occupation authorities, from the Albanian volunteers, the Albanian Legion was created - a military formation consisting of nine infantry battalions and numbering up to 6,000 fighters in its ranks.

Azerbaijan

On May 28, 1918, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was proclaimed. Soon she concluded a treaty "On Peace and Friendship" with the Ottoman Empire, according to which the latter pledged " help armed force the government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, if it is required to ensure order and security in the country". And when the armed formations of the Baku Council of People's Commissars launched an offensive on Elizavetpol, this became the basis for the appeal of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic for military assistance to the Ottoman Empire. As a result, the Bolshevik troops were defeated. On September 15, 1918, the Turkish-Azerbaijani army occupied Baku.

M. Diemer "First World War. Air Combat"

Arabia

By the beginning of World War I, she was the main ally of the Ottoman Empire in the Arabian Peninsula.

Libya

The Muslim Sufi religious and political order of Senusia began fighting against the Italian colonialists in Libya back in 1911. Senusia - Muslim Sufi religious and political order (brotherhood) in Libya and Sudan, founded in Mecca in 1837 by the Great Senussi, Muhammad ibn Ali al-Senusi, and aimed at overcoming the decline of Islamic thought and spirituality and the weakening of Muslim political unity). By 1914, the Italians controlled only the coast. With the outbreak of the First World War, the Senusites received new allies in the struggle against the colonialists - the Ottoman and German Empires, with their help, by the end of 1916, Senusia drove the Italians out of most of Libya. In December 1915, Senusite troops invaded British Egypt, where they suffered a crushing defeat.

Poland

With the outbreak of World War I, Polish nationalist circles in Austria-Hungary put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a Polish Legion in order to get the support of the Central Powers and, with their help, partially solve the Polish question. As a result, two legions were formed - the East (Lviv) and the West (Krakow). The Eastern Legion, after the Russian troops occupied Galicia on September 21, 1914, disbanded, and the Western Legion was divided into three brigades of legionnaires (each of 5-6 thousand people) and in this form continued to participate in hostilities until 1918.

By August 1915, the Germans and Austro-Hungarians occupied the territory of the entire Kingdom of Poland, and on November 5, 1916, the occupying authorities promulgated the "Act of the Two Emperors", proclaiming the creation of the Kingdom of Poland - an independent state with a hereditary monarchy and a constitutional system, the boundaries of which are precisely defined were not.

Sudan

By the beginning of the First World War, the Darfur Sultanate was under British protectorate, but the British refused to help Darfur, not wanting to spoil their relations with their ally in the Entente. As a result, on April 14, 1915, the Sultan officially proclaimed the independence of Darfur. The Darfur sultan hoped to receive the support of the Ottoman Empire and the Sufi order of Senusia, with which the sultanate had a strong alliance. The two thousandth Anglo-Egyptian corps invaded Darfur, the army of the Sultanate suffered a series of defeats, and in January 1917 the accession of the Darfur Sultanate to Sudan was officially announced.

Russian artillery

Neutral countries

The following countries retained full or partial neutrality: Albania, Afghanistan, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg (he did not declare war on the Central Powers, although it was occupied by German troops), Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Paraguay, Persia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tibet, Venezuela, Italy (August 3, 1914 - May 23, 1915)

As a result of the war

As a result of World War I, the Central Powers bloc ceased to exist with defeat in World War I in the fall of 1918. When the truce was signed, they all unconditionally accepted the terms of the winners. Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire disintegrated as a result of the war; the states created on the territory of the Russian Empire were forced to seek the support of the Entente. Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland retained their independence, the rest were again annexed to Russia (directly to the RSFSR or entered the Soviet Union).

World War I- one of the largest armed conflicts in the history of mankind. As a result of the war, four empires ceased to exist: Russian, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman and German. The participating countries lost about 12 million people killed (counting civilians), about 55 million were injured.

F. Roubaud "World War I. 1915"

GOALS OF THE STATES PARTICIPATING IN THE WAR All the great European powers that took part in the First World War pursued their own, moreover, selfish goals: Germany claimed world domination and the expansion of the colonial empire; Austria-Hungary wanted to establish control over the Balkans; England fought against the expansion of Germany's sphere of influence and sought to subjugate the territories of the Ottoman Empire; France sought to reclaim Alsace and Lorraine, as well as capture the Saar coal basin in Germany; Russia strove to gain a foothold in the Balkans and the Middle East; Turkey wanted to keep the Balkans under its rule and seize Crimea and Iran; Italy sought to establish its dominance in the Mediterranean.

THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR On June 28, 1914 in the capital of Serbia, Sarajevo, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Erz-Duke Franz Ferdinand, was killed. The government of Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with an ultimatum, according to which the Austrian units were to enter the country. Serbia rejected the conditions. On July 28, 1914, war broke out between the two countries. Assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess von Gogenberg in Sarajevo (June 28, 1914).

THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR Russia demanded to leave Serbia alone. A general mobilization began in the country. In response to this, on August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia. Other major countries soon joined the war: France (August 3, 1914); Great Britain (4 August 1914) Japan (23 August 1914). Demonstration on Palace Square in anticipation of the announcement by Nicholas II of the Manifesto on Russia's entry into the war.

WAR PLANS OF THE PARTIES At the beginning of the war, the Entente countries (Russia, France and England) were opposed by Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. The German "Schlieffen Plan" envisaged the defeat of France in the first month of the war, and then a blow to Russia. Russia planned active hostilities against Austria-Hungary and defense against Germany. England planned to blockade the coast of Germany with its fleet, and to help the French on land.

CAMPAIGN OF 1914 At the beginning of the war, German troops, breaking through Belgium, began to approach Paris. On September 5-9, 1914, the French army was able to deliver a counterattack on the Marne River and stop the German offensive. The Western Front has stabilized. The opponents began to build trenches, barbed wire and minefields. The war in the west has become a "trench". The offensive of the German infantry. The offensive of the French infantry.

CAMPAIGN OF 1914 At the request of the Allies, Russia simultaneously launched two large offensive operations: in Galicia against the Austrians; in East Prussia against the Germans. The Galician operation was a success. The Russian army blocked Przemysl - the main fortress of the Austrians. The offensive in East Prussia ended for the Russian army in defeat at Tannenberg. Russian trenches on the Eastern Front.

CAMPAIGN OF 1915 The following year passed relatively calmly on the Western Front. However, it was in 1915 on the Western Front that for the first time in the history of wars was used chemical weapon... On April 22, 1915, the Germans attacked the British positions with chlorine. Soldiers and officers were injured, of whom 5,000 died. Gas attack at Ypres (April 22, 1915). German machine gunners in gas masks.

CAMPAIGN OF 1915 On the eastern front, the Germans decided to withdraw Russia from the war. As a result of their offensive, which lasted from May to September 1915, the Russian army suffered a painful defeat. She was forced to leave Galicia, Poland, Lithuania, Courland and part of Belarus. The front stabilized on the line Riga-Minsk-Chernivtsi. However, it was not possible to withdraw Russia from the war. Russian battery on the Eastern Front.

CAMPAIGN OF 1916 In 1916, two major battles took place on the Western Front. One of them was the Battle of Verdun, which went down in the history of the First World War as the “Verdun meat grinder”. Between 21 February and 21 July 1916, both sides lost about soldiers and officers, but the front line did not change. The Germans did not manage to take the last fortress on the way to Paris and decide the outcome of the war in their favor. "Verdun meat grinder". Verdun after the battle.

CAMPAIGN OF 1916 Another major battle that determined the outcome of the 1916 campaign in the West was the Battle of the Somme River. From June 26 to October 26, 1916, British and French troops made a number of attempts to break through the German defenses. The losses on both sides amounted to about people. However, the front line did not undergo significant changes. British tank during the First World War.

CAMPAIGN OF 1916 On the Eastern Front on June 5, 1916, the troops of the South-Western Front under the command of General Brusilov broke through the Austro-Hungarian front and occupied an area of \u200b\u200bsquare kilometers. Austria-Hungary was on the brink of a military disaster. Only the transfer of German troops from Verdun and Austrian troops from Italy helped stop the Russian advance in Galicia. General Brusilov and the actions of the Southwestern Front in the summer of 1916.

WAR ON THE SEA From the beginning of the war, the English fleet established a blockade of the German coast. In an effort to turn the tide at sea, in 1915 Germany launched a submarine war. The decisive naval battle of the First World War took place on May 31, 1916 in the North Sea. Despite the fact that the British fleet suffered heavy losses, the Germans did not manage to break the naval blockade. The death of "Lusitania" (May 7, 1915). Battle of Jutland (May 31, 1916).

CAMPAIGN OF 1917 The course of the war on the Eastern Front was dramatically changed by the February Revolution in Russia. Discipline in the army fell sharply. Desertion has become widespread. The soldiers began fraternizing with the enemy. The Bolsheviks who came to power declared their desire to end the war and in December 1917 concluded a truce with the enemy. Poster dedicated to February revolution... Fraternization of Russian and German soldiers at the front.

CAMPAIGN OF 1917 The most significant event of the war on the Western Front was the entry of the United States into it on April 6, 1917. A year later, already in Europe, American soldiers and officers were already fighting. The entry of the United States into the war, bearing in mind its economic potential and untouched human resources, turned out to be one of the decisive factors in the victory of the Entente. American poster from the First World War.

CAMPAIGN OF 1918 On March 3, 1918, Russia and its opponents signed the Brest Peace. According to its terms, Russia: refuses Ukraine, the Baltic states and Finland; disarms the army and navy; pays an indemnity in marks. The seizure of a huge territory, which produced 32% of agricultural and 25% of industrial products in Russia, allowed Germany to hope for a final victory. Caricature of Leon Trotsky, who signed the Brest Peace Treaty. Losses of Russia as a result of the Brest Peace.

CAMPAIGN OF 1918 In 1918, after the failure of the next German offensive in the West, the outcome of the war was a foregone conclusion. During September-November 1918, Germany's allies signed an armistice with the Entente countries. On November 11, 1918, in the Compiegne forest, German representatives signed the Compiegne armistice. This was the end of the First World War. The end of the First World War.

The Great Historian 26 September 2017 19460

World War I 1914-1918

X a characteristic, in the form of a reference outline, to the military-industrial potential of the participating countries - the war (Germany and Austria-Hungary on the one hand and England, France, Russia, on the other)

The cause and nature of the First World War.

The goals of the countries participating in the war.

Chronological table events on the fronts of the First World War.

Repeat:the nature of international relations in Europe and America in 1900 - 1914:

The relationship between the "old" and "young" metropolises, the peculiarities of the colonial system of imperialism, the beginning of the struggle for its "redistribution";

Mutual claims of the countries participating in the military - political alliances: the Triple and the Entente.

1. Give a description, in the form of a basic outline, the military - industrial potential of the participating countries - the war (Germany and Austria-Hungary on the one hand and England, France, Russia, on the other).

Using the material of the textbook and educational film, make a synopsis on the following issues: 1 - Development of the military industry in the early twentieth century. In Germany and Austria-Hungary. England, France, Russia; 2 - the quality and quantity of military equipment of these countries; 3 - the quality and quantity of units of military equipment, weapons and soldiers; 4 - inventions, and scientific achievements found application in military affairs.

1. Causes and nature of the First World War.

Fatal inevitability

Objective reasons:

• Struggle for the "redivision of the world."
• Contradictions in certain regions (Balkans, Near and Far East, Black Sea)
• Political and economic rivalry.
• An active policy of militarizing Germany and Austria-Hungary.

Fatal accident

• Not a single General Staff planned a specific date for the war.
• The armies of England, France, Russia were not prepared.
• Schlieffen's plan is a utopia.
• A month passed between the murder of Ferdinand and the presentation of the ultimatum, etc.

1. The goals of the countries participating in the war.

France - to return Alsace and Lorraine, to seize the Saar coal bassein.

Russia - to strengthen its positions in the Balkans, to secure a favorable regime in the Black Sea straits, to seize the Polish lands of Austria and Germany.

Germany - to seize parts of the British and French colonies, to establish themselves in the Balkans and the Middle East, to tear Ukraine, the Baltic states and Belarus away from Russia.

Austria - to seize part of Russian Poland, subjugate the Balkan countries.

Italy - claimed the western regions of the Balkans and competed here with Austria - Hungary (in 1915 Italy entered the war on the side of the Entente.

1. Chronological table of events on the fronts of the First World War:

THE TABLE IS BELOW, AFTER THE SLIDES.

1. Results and consequences of the war.

Crimes against humanity.

1. For the first time, the achievements of science and technology were aimed at exterminating people.
2. In the course of hostilities, for the first time were used: a flamethrower, a light machine gun, super-heavy weapons, naval aviation. Air defense forces appeared, methods of psychological warfare began to be used.

Socio-economic consequences.

1. The transfer of the economy to a war footing led to a high concentration of the proletariat in large enterprises.
2. The need for the uninterrupted operation of all parts of the economy to meet the needs of the war led to strengthen the role of the state in the area of production, distribution and consumptionmaterial goods. Elements of state regulation were introduced into the economy. Is formed GMK - state-monopoly capitalism, in which the domination of finance capital is supported by the power of the state, which placed military orders and by extraordinary measures limiting the social struggle.
3. Disproportions in the economy, servicing mainly the industries working for the war, led to the decline of agriculture and light industry. Unemployment. Inflation and price increases.
4. A sharp decline in the standard of living of the population, devastation, hunger. Social stratification is growing. The political activity of the population is increasing.

The political consequences of the war.

1. Internal instability of political regimes in the belligerent countries. Pre-crisis situation.
2. The growth of the national liberation movement in the colonies and dependent countries.
3. The growth of the influence of the socialist and workers' parties, the activation of the revolutionary democratic and national liberation movement.
4. As a result of the war, 4 empires ceased to exist: Germany, the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Austria - Hungary.
5. Germany - suffered a complete collapse of all state institutions, the collapse of the economy, suffered a severe socio-political trauma, lost its colonies, the navy, got hunger and a demographic crisis.
6. Austria - Hungary - disintegration of the country.
7. Bulgaria has entered a period of economic and political crises.
8. Turkey - the collapse of the feudal Islamic empire and the construction of a European-type state on its ruins.

   Chronological table of the events of the First World War 1914-1918

   Western front			the date	Eastern front
   Events		results	1914	Events	results
   				Russia embarked on a partial and then general mobilization.	In response, Germany declared war on Russia.
   Germany declares war on France. German troops moved into France, violating Belgium's neutrality. Belgian and French troops put up fierce resistance to the enemy.		The plans of the German command of the "lightning war" failed, The calculations of the chief of the general. Von Schlieffen's headquarters did not come true.
   				The offensive of the Russian army in Prussia	The offensive "choked" in the Masurian Marshes. The commander, General Samsonov, was killed.
   				The offensive of the Russian army in Galicia	Austro-Hungarian troops were driven back to the Carpathians by the armies of generals Brusilov and Rannenkamf.
   Battle of the Marne. Anglo-French troops stopped the German offensive on Paris and even for a short time managed to launch a counteroffensive		The result of the battle was the final failure of the plans for "lightning war". Losses on both sides amounted to 600 thousand.
   			1915
   In the region of the Belgian city of Ypres, for the first time the German side used chemical weapons, chlorine gas.		15 thousand people were incapacitated, of which 5 thousand died.
   Italy declared Austria - Hungary		The Alpine Front formed	May	Austrian and German troops broke through the front in the region of Gorlitsa and went on the offensive.	The Russian armies left Przemysl (May 21), Lvov (June 22), Warsaw (July 22-23), Brest-Litovsk (August 12) Russia lost 18 provinces.
   Western front			the date	Eastern front
   Events		results	1916	Events	results
   German troops undertake an assault on Verdun.		The battle lasted until December and was named "Verdun meat grinder". Losses of Germany - 600 thousand. people, loss of France 360 \u200b\u200bthousand. person.
   Anglo - French troops are making an attempt to break through the German line of defense on the Somme.		In the battle, for the first time, tanks were used by the Anglo-French army. The allies managed to weaken the German onslaught on Verdun, but the battle did not bring tangible operational results. The losses on both sides were 1 mln. 300 thousand people.	July - November
   				General Brusilov's army broke through the Austrian front on the Lutsk - Chernivtsi line.	Russian troops occupied most of Galicia and Bukovina, putting Austria-Hungary on the brink of military defeat. The Brusilov breakthrough eased the position of the Anglo - French troops at Verdun.
   			1917
   USA declares war on Germany.		Tens of thousands of American soldiers were sent to the Western Front, greatly increasing the Entente's forces.
   The Entente troops attempted an offensive in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Arras. The attack was "stuck" in minefields and was destroyed by artillery.		The battle cost the Entente 280 thousand soldiers and officers. Massive anti-government demonstrations took place in the cities of France.
   			June July	The offensive of the Russian army in Galicia.	Counteroffensive by the German army.
   				The offensive of the German troops in the Baltic.	German troops occupy Riga. A direct threat loomed over Petrograd.
   Western front			the date	Eastern front
   				Between Soviet Russia and Germany signed a truce.	Peace talks begin.
   			1918
   				A peace treaty between Russia and Germany was signed in Brest-Litovsk.	Under the terms of the agreement, Russia lost Poland, the Baltic States, part of Belarus, Ukraine, Finland, only 1 million square kilometers. territory, had to pay Germany 6 billion marks of indemnity.
   German troops break through the Allied defenses and reach the banks of the Marne and launch long-range shelling of Paris.		The German troops fail to build on the success, the last reserves have dried up. The Entente troops, having received reinforcements from the United States, launched a large-scale offensive. German troops are driven out of the territory of France and Belgium.	July
   Democratic revolutions in Austria and Hungary, monarchies overthrown.
   		The Austrian government signed the terms of the armistice dictated by the Entente.
   A German military squadron was ordered to attack the English fleet.		The sailors refused to obey the order. On November 3, an uprising of sailors, soldiers and workers began in Kiel. On November 9 the uprising began in Berlin.
   In the Compiegne Forest, an armistice was signed between the command of the German Army and the command of the Entente armies, led by Marshal Foch.	Germany acknowledged itself defeated, pledged to immediately withdraw its troops from the occupied territories and the left bank of the Rhine, withdraw its navy to the ports of the Allies and transfer a large amount of weapons and military equipment to the Entente countries. With the signing of the Peace of Compiegne, the world war ended.

Methodical development of an open lesson

"World War I"

Developer:

Erokhina L.G.

NIZHNEVARTOVSK

2015-

World War I (1914-1918)

The purpose of the lesson: To acquaint students with the main events of the First World War.

Lesson objectives:

1. To reveal the causes of the First World War, strategic goals and plans of the belligerent states.
2. Describe the course of hostilities on the Western and Eastern Fronts.
3. To form the skills and abilities of students with a comparative historical table, to compare and generalize the material, to trace the cause and effect relationships.
4. Show students the tragedy and senselessness of war using specific examples.
5. To educate students in the spirit of tolerance and humanism.

Occupation type: assimilation of new knowledge and skills.

Equipment: Lesson presentation.

Lesson plan:

1. Organizing time.
2. Geopolitical situation on the eve of the war.
3. Learning a new topic

• member countries and their goals. The nature of the war.
• strategic plans of the parties
• start of hostilities
• the course of hostilities (by stages)
• the results of the war.

1. Homework.
2. Reflection.

Course of the lesson

1. Organizational moment.

Teacher: More than 100 years have passed since the outbreak of the First World War. Humanity has entered a very difficult new period of its development, during the period of global tragedies. The First World War was the prologue to the upheavals of the twentieth century. In the events of 1914-1918. - the origins of many processes that determine the appearance of the modern world.

In the process, you have to learn:

1. What were the reasons for the war, the goals and plans of the participants;
2. How the First World War was unleashed (i.e. the pretext);
3. What role did the military-technical potential of the belligerent countries play in the course of hostilities;
4. On which fronts the main events of this war developed and how it ended.

You will also have to develop your existing skills and learn to:

1. Compare different sources, analyze the material and draw conclusions;
2. Find alternative solutions to the problems posed;
3. Correctly allocate time to work on assignments.

2. Updating knowledge on the topic "Russia and the world at the beginning of the twentieth century."

Incoming control. Let's try to name the main international contradictions that emerged by the beginning of the 20th century. What events testified to the intensification of the struggle for the redivision of the world?

Tasks:

1. What region at the beginning of the XX century. got the name "Europe's powder magazine"? (Balkans)
2. The interests of which countries collided on the Balkan Peninsula? (Russia, Austria-Hungary)
3. What military-political blocs were created in Europe? Their composition? (Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy - 1882) Entente (Russia, France, England - 1907)
4. What events testified to the intensification of the struggle for the redistribution of the already divided world? (local wars: American-Spanish, Anglo-Boer, Russian-Japanese (1904-1905), Balkan wars 1912-1913)

So, the world was on the brink of a world war, an imperialist war.

3. Learning a new topic

1. Member countries and their goals. The nature of the war.(slide 3-5)

Participants in the First World War were: on the one hand, the Quadruple Alliance, which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey (Ottoman Empire); on the other, the Entente bloc, which consisted of Russia, France, England and the allied countries.

Austria-Hungary hoped to seize Serbia and Montenegro to establish its hegemony in the Balkans, to take away part of the Polish provinces from Russia.

Germany sought to crush England, deprive her of her sea power and redistribute the French, Belgian and Portuguese colonies, weaken Russia, and seize the Polish provinces from her. Ukraine and the Baltic States, depriving it of its natural borders along the Baltic Sea.

Turkey claimed the territory of the Russian Transcaucasia.

France wanted to return Alsace and Lorraine, taken from her by Germany in 1871, and establish its influence in Syria and Palestine.

Great Britain sought to preserve its maritime and colonial power, to defeat Germany as a competitor in the world market and to suppress its claims to the redistribution of colonies. In addition, England counted on the seizure of oil-rich Mesopotamia and Palestine from Turkey.

Russia sought a free exit for the Black Sea fleet through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles into the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the annexation of Galicia and the lower reaches of the Neman.

Write in your notebook: The name of the military blocs, the goals of the participating countries.

2. Strategic plans of the parties(slide 6-8)

The military command of the German Empire developed a strategic plan (the Schlieffen plan) to win a quick victory in the war on the Western and Eastern fronts. The plan was for victory during the first month of the war.

The Entente countries developed "Plan XVII", which provided for the creation of a line of fortifications on the unprotected Franco-Belgian border to protect against a possible German attack. At the same time, the main forces of France were planned to strike at the center of the German operation, cut off the right flank of the Germans and stop the German offensive.

Russia was to start active military operations at the same time as Germany. This was to force Germany to withdraw part of the troops from the Western Front, which facilitated the position of France, ruined Germany's plans, forced her to wage a war on two fronts and ultimately ensure the victory of the Entente.

Write in your notebook:The name of the enemy's strategic plans, their goals

3. The beginning of hostilities. (slide 9-12)

The outbreak of World War I was triggered by the assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, by a member of the Serbian nationalist terrorist organization Gavrila Princip (June 28, 1914).

Austria-Hungary announced that Serbia was behind the assassination of the Archduke and issued an ultimatum that could not be fulfilled. Serbia, however, agrees to all but one of its terms.
July 28, 1914Austria-Hungary announces that Serbia has not fulfilled the terms of the ultimatum, begins shelling the capital and introduces troops into its territory.

On July 17 (30), Russia announced a general mobilization, informing Berlin that these actions were not anti-German in nature, but taking a tough stance against Austria-Hungary. Germany in the form of an ultimatum demanded an end to mobilization and, having received no response, on July 19 (August 1), 1914, declared war on Russia.

On August 2, France began mobilizing, announcing its support for Russia. On August 3, Germany declared war on France and, bypassing the Maginot defensive line, launched an offensive through Belgium and Luxembourg. On August 4, England entered the war, on August 6 - Austria-Hungary, which declared war on Russia. The war engulfed all of Europe. On August 23, Japan joined the Entente, Italy in 1915, Romania in 1916, and the United States in 1917. Turkey (1914) and Bulgaria (1915) acted as allies of Germany and Austria-Hungary. In total, 38 states of the world took part in the war.

Write in your notebook:reason to start hostilities

4. The course of hostilities (by stages): (slide 13-25)

1. campaign of 1914 (failure of the strategy of a fleeting war; transition from mobile to positional forms of struggle)
2. campaign of 1915 (disruption of the German plan to withdraw Russia from the war; trench warfare)
3. the 1916 campaign (the transition of the strategic initiative to the Entente countries) (message from the student “Brusilov Breakthrough” (slide 22))
4. campaign of 1917 (offensive of the Entente; Russia's withdrawal from the war)
5. 1918 campaign (general offensive of the Entente; surrender of Germany)

Write in your notebook:major military operations by year

Student message "Brusilovsky breakthrough" (slide 22)

A.A. Brusilov (1853-1926) was born into the family of a general. Graduated from the Corps of Pages. Member of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878. For more than 15 years he served in the officer's cavalry school, starting as a riding instructor and finishing as a chief. In 1906-12 he commanded various military units. In 1912 he received the rank of general from the cavalry. From the beginning of the World War he was appointed commander of the 8th Army, from March 1916 - the commander-in-chief of the Southwestern Front. Gained fame for the development and implementation of the offensive of the Russian army in the summer of 1916 - "Brusilov breakthrough". After the February Revolution - a supporter of continuing the war to a victorious end. In May 1917, he was appointed Supreme Commander of the Russian Army. After being removed from this post in July 1917, he remained at the disposal of the Provisional Government. In 1920 he joined the Red Army.

Brusilov breakthrough. In May 1916, the troops of the Russian South-Western Front under the command of General Brusilov carried out a breakthrough of the Austrian positions, throwing the enemy back 120 km, the front was broken through for 340 km. Russian troops occupied Lutsk, Chernivtsi. The Brusilov breakthrough put Austria-Hungary on the brink of disaster. Germany transferred 11 divisions from the west, stopping the offensive at Verdun.

5. Results of the war. (slide 26-31)

On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed, which officially ended the First World War.

Under the terms of the treaty, Germany returned Alsace and Lorraine to France within the borders of 1870 with all the bridges across the Rhine. The coal mines of the Saar Basin passed into the ownership of France, and the Saar region itself was transferred for a 15-year term under the control of the League of Nations. The Entente forces occupied the left bank of the Rhine for 15 years, and the 50-kilometer zone east of the Rhine was completely demilitarized.

The districts of Eupen and Malmedy went to Belgium, and the districts of Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark. Germany recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia and Poland and renounced part of the territories in their favor. The city of Danzig with the region passed under the control of the League of Nations.

Germany abandoned all its colonies in favor of the allies.

Germany agreed to recognize the treaties to be concluded by the allies with Turkey and Bulgaria, and pledged to renounce the Brest and Bucharest treaties. Russia was recognized as having the right to demand appropriate reparations from Germany.

Before World War II, this military conflict was the largest, affecting almost the entire globe. The shocking number of victims (given the loss of killed among the military and civilians, as well as the wounded) is about 80 million people (the participating countries lost more than 10 million soldiers and about 12 million civilians killed, about 55 million people were injured).

Within 5 years of the war, empires such as the Ottoman, Russian, German and Austro-Hungarian empires collapsed.

The First World War accelerated the development of new weapons and means of warfare. For the first time, tanks, chemical weapons, a gas mask, anti-aircraft and anti-tank guns, and a flamethrower were used. Airplanes, machine guns, mortars, submarines, and torpedo boats have become widespread. The firepower of the troops increased dramatically. New types of artillery appeared: anti-aircraft, anti-tank, infantry escort.

Aviation became an independent branch of the armed forces, which began to be subdivided into reconnaissance, fighter and bomber. Tank troops, chemical troops, air defense troops, and naval aviation emerged. The role of engineering troops increased and the role of cavalry decreased.

Write in your notebook:terms of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty and the Versailles Peace Treaty

4. Homework

Prepare messages on the topic "Weapons of the First World War"

5. Reflection: summing up, grades for the lesson.

• Could the First World War have been avoided? Why?
• What lessons should humanity learn from wars like the First World War?

Fixing the material

Complete the following tasks

1) Compare the fronts and battles of the First World War:

A) Eastern Front

B) Western Front

1 Verdun meat grinder

2. Brusilov breakthrough

3.The Battle of Galicia

4. Gas attack near Ypres

2) Match the date and name of the battle:

a) 1914

b) 1915

c) 1916

d) 1917

e) 1918

1) Brusilov breakthrough

2) The defeat of the 2nd Russian army in East Prussia

3) Battle of Galicia

4) Brest Peace

5) Failure of the offensive of the Southwestern Front

3) The composition of the Quadruple Alliance included:

a) Russia b) Bulgaria c) Germany d) France

4) The Entente included:

a) Russia b) Austria-Hungary c) Germany d) England